مجله علوم و فنون باغبانی ایران
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 1 (بهار 1402)

Physalins are the most important secondary metabolites extracted from Physalis spp. medicinal plant that have a high potential to stop the growth of cancer cells. In this research, induction of hairy roots by two strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (ATCC15834 and A4) in different explants consist of leaves, internodes, hypocotyl, and roots of P. alkekengi in 6 media culture (1/2MS, MS, and B5 each of them containing two levels of 1.5 and 3% sucrose) were studied. The highest hairy roots numbers were inducted by ATCC15834 strain in leaf explants on B5 medium containing 1.5% sucrose. The highest fresh and dry weights of hairy roots were obtained in B5 culture medium containing 3% sucrose. In addition, the effects of chitosan elicitor at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg L.-1 and methyl jasmonate at concentrations of 0, 20, 40, and 60 mg L.-1 on physalin B content and hairy root growth were evaluated. Chitosan treatment had no significant effect on the production of physalin B, but its effect on the growth of hairy roots was significant at 50 mg L.-1 concentration. Methyl jasmonate at a concentration of 60 mg L.-1 resulted in a significant increase of 3.026 times in the production of physalin B compared to the control, however, none of the three concentrations of methyl jasmonate had a significant effect on hairy roots growth. This study is the first report on the effect of these elicitors on the secondary metabolite physalin B.

In order to investigate the effect of gamma aminobutyric acid and Ascophyllum nodosum extract on some physiological, morphological and biochemical properties of medicinal vegetable Dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications was performed in the greenhouse. Treatments included different concentrations of gamma aminobutyric acid at three levels (0, 200 and 400) μM and Ascophyllum nodosum at three levels (0, 1 and 2) % v/v. The results showed that the highest fresh and dry root and shoot weight, number of leaves and the lowest amount of malondialdehyde were obtained affected by GABA 400μM+Ascophyllum extract %1v/v. Also, the highest seed weight was observed in GABA 200μM+Ascophyllum extract %2v/v treatment. Interaction of GABA 200μM+Ascophyllum %1v/v extracts had the best results on chlorophyll content, carotenoids, stem diameter and vegetative yield. The highest yield of essential oil was assigned to the combined treatment of GABA 400μM+Ascophyllum %2v/v. finally, foliar application of GABA 200μM+Ascophyllum %1v/v is recommended to increase the vegetative yield of dragonhead.

Chrysanthemum is one of the most important ornamental plants in the world and post-harvest studies on this valuable flower will improve its quality and marketability. In this study, the effects of preservative solutions containing Nano calcium (0, 2 and 4 g L-1) and benzyl adenine (0, 20 and 40 mg L-1) and the combined effect of two treatments in a factorial experiment in the form of a complete design randomized study with three replications to maintain the quality and increase the life of the chrysanthemum at room temperature (20-22 ° C) and relative humidity between 60 and 70% was investigated. The results showed that the treatment of benzyl adenine 20 mg L-1  maintained higher marketability in cut flowers, chrysanthemum through reduced weight loss and increased water absorption. Treatment with concentrations of 4 g L-1 Nano calcium showed 66% difference in bacteria less than the control, respectively, and its combination with treatment with benzyl adenine had positive effects on the preservation of the main pigments of photosynthesis, phenol and flavonoids. In general, according to the results obtained in this study, the treatment of 20 mg L-1  benzyl adenine and 2 g L-1 Nano calcium in comparison with the control and other treatments is recommended to maintain quality and increase the shelf life of chrysanthemums cut flower.

Serendipita indica fungus acts as a growth promotor and to create resistance to environmental stresses in a wide range of plant species. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of this fungus on the growth, yield and flowering of garlic. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design including two factors of the same group (flowering, semi-flowering, non-flowering) and two levels of fungi (inoculated and uninoculated) with three replications. The fungus increased the biomass and yield of garlic by increasing the elements. The effect of all groups on the measured traits except leaf width and chlorophyll showed a statistically significant effect. Fungus treatment did not affect the number of leaves and number of garlic. The fungus increased flowering stem length in all flowering and semi-flowering groups compared with uninoculated (30%). Flowering stem exit was not observed in non-flowering clones. The appearance of flowers was seen only in the flowering group. Flowering percentage in the inoculated flower group (45.90) was lower than inoculated (48.44). The fungus affects the time of stem emergence and accelerates flowering by accelerating maturity. The fungus had a positive effect on increasing the number and size of xylem and parenchymal cells. The results showed that S. indica consumes coexistence with garlic and improves vegetative and reproductive traits.

In order to the evaluation of the effects of Canary Island palm pollen on the fruit characteristics of commercial date palms cvs ‘Medjool’ and ‘Barhee’ and the possibility of use of the pollen of this specie for date palm pollination, the current study was conducted for two consecutive years in Date palm and Tropical fruits Research Center. The research was conducted as two separate experiments in a randomized complete block design with three treatments of pollen type (Canary Island palm including ‘G1’ and ‘G2’ and date palm cv ‘Red Ghanami’ as control) and three replications (18 trees that were 15 years old). Each palm has considered as an experiment unit. Results showed, traits of percentage of fruit set, parthenocarpy, and fruit drop in ‘Barhee’ cultivar were not affected by pollen source and no significant difference was obsereved between Canary Island palm pollinizers and ‘Red Ghanami’ pollinizer regarding these traits, but these traits were affected by pollen source in ‘Medjool’ cultivar. Canary Island palm pollinizers reduced seed weight, seed length and seed diameter of ‘Barhee’ cultivar significantly. While seed characteristics of ‘Medjool’ cultivar were not affected by Canary Island palm pollens. Qualitative characteristics of ‘Medjool’ and ‘Barhee’ fruits were also affected by Canary Island palm pollens. Overall, at the conditions of date palm pollen deficiency, the use of Canary Island palm pollens (3 g per spathe) for the pollination of ‘Barhee’ cultivar is recommended and for other cultivars more research is needed.

In pear trees, most of the features concerning vegetative and reproductive growth are affected by rootstock, so to establish modern and standard orchards for European pear (P. communis L.) and Asian pear (P. serotina Rehd.) in the country, the selection of suitable rootstock is important. To achieve desirable rootstock for Asian pear cultivars in Iranian climate conditions and also investigate rootstock and scion interaction and graft incompatibility mechanism in pear, the current research was designed and performed on grafted four-year-old trees during the 2014-2016 growth seasons. The factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with the first factor including pear rootstocks including European pear seedling rootstock, quince ‎(Cydonia oblonga L.) ‎seedling rootstock, hawthorn ‎(Crataegus atrosanguinea) ‎seedling rootstock and clonal rootstock of ʻQuince A’‎ and the second factor consisted of two European pear cultivars including ʻBeurre Bosc’ and ʻWilliams Duchess’ and one Asian pear cultivar ʻKS10’ were used.‎ ‎Also, the scion growth length and starch accumulation were investigated at the top and bottom of the graft union and isozyme patterns in different interactions were analyzed between rootstock and scion. The results of scion growth length indicated the highest and lowest growth of scion in the pear seedling rootstock and hawthorn rootstock, respectively. Also, the starch accumulation amount at the top and bottom of the graft union confirmed the graft incompatibility in the interaction of ʻQuince A’ and quince rootstock with ʻBeurre Bosc’ and ʻKS10’ ‎cultivars‎. The investigation of the isozyme pattern indicated complete incompatibility of hawthorn rootstock with the studied cultivars.

To evaluate the interaction of genotypes in the environment (GEI) and promising clones, 60 potato genotypes were used during the growing seasons of 2018-2019. To identify the best potato genotypes in response to water deficit, GGE biplot and AMMI models were performed under two treatments (water deficit and normal conditions) with two commercial cultivars Agria and Sante. The experiment was performed in eight environments (2 treatments, 2 locations, and 2 years) using a randomized complete block design with three replications. AMMI and GGE biplot analysis showed that the G21 clone was more different than other genotypes for selecting the superior genotype. The yield of the tuber of promising clones G21 (90227), G31 (8708.177), G44 (KSG95), G28 (8707/861), and G18 (90127) was higher in all environments. The best-proposed genotypes for introduction are based on their greater stability for the target environment or parallel environments. In this study, using AMMI and GGE biplot analysis, superior genotypes were identified and selected.

Due to the distinctive physicochemical properties of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in enhancing photosynthesis efficiency, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of single-walled CNTs on morphological and physiological characteristics of rosemary. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with 10 concentrations of carbon nanotubes in 5 replications. The effect of CNTs on the morphological and physiological characteristics of rosemary was significant. Data means comparison showed that the highest height was observed at a concentration of 90 mg L-1 and the lowest was in control. The lowest regeneration percentage was in control. However, the results showed that the most and least leaf number was obtained from CNTs at the rate of 90 mg L-1 and control. The 90 mg L-1 concentration of CNTs had the highest leaf area and fresh weight. Also, the means comparison of physiological traits showed that the highest and lowest amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, flavonoid and total phenol were observed in CNTs at the rate of 90 mg L-1 and control, respectively. It is hoped that this method will be used for regeneration and the use of secondary metabolites in other plants.

The diverse climatic conditions of Sistan and Baluchestan province have a great potential for cultivation of horticultural crops. This study was conducted to assesst biodiversity indices of horticultural products in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Horticultural crops were classified into eight groups. First, the type of horticultural products and the area under cultivation in each city were extracted from the statistics of the Jihad Agricultural Organization of Sistan and Baluchestan province. Then, biodiversity indices such as Shannon-Wiener, Margalf, Sorenson horticultural products were calculated. The results showed that Iranshahr and Zabol cities had the highest and the lowest cultivated area, respectively. In addition, more than 37 horticultural species were cultivated throughout the province, which indicated the variety of horticultural products in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Khash and Zabol towns had the highest and lowest species richness of horticultural crops, respectively. Shannon-Weiners diversity index of Iranshahr and Zabol horticultural products showed a decreasing trend during this 11-year period and in other towns of the province showed an increasing trend. The highest 11-year average of Shannon-Wiener diversity index was related to Zahedan horticultural products (2.02) and the lowest one was related to Chabahar (0.50). The highest and the lowest Shannon-Wiener biodiversity indices were respectively in subtropical plants (1.21) and seed fruits (1.11). The highest and the lowest index of uniformity of horticultural products were belonged to Khash (0.51) and Iranshahr (0.45), respectively. In general, the main horticultural system in the province is based on subtropical crops, especially dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.). According to the results of this study, Sistan and Baluchestan province had relatively favorable diversity of horticultural species; however, the similarity of cultivated horticultural plants was relatively high between cities.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pollen type (Green ghanamy (G), Red ghanamy (R) and a mixture of Green ghanamy and Red ghanamy (GR) on fruiting and some fruit characteristics of off-shoot and tissue culture date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Barhi as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. In this study, thirty-six 10-year-old palm trees (18 off-shoot and 18 tissue culture Date Palm trees) were selected and examined for 180 days.  Based on the results that GRO treatment had the highest percentage of dry weight (54.46) and the lowest fruit moisture percentage (45.53). The lowest length (26.99 mm), diameter (18.77 mm) and fruit weight (6.97 g) were obtained in RT treatment at the Tamar stage. GRO fruits had the highest pH (7.33), TSS (56.38%), TSS/TA (445.90) and carbohydrates (45.33%) but the GRT fruit had the lowest pH (6.72), TSS (42.35%), TSS/TA (293.35) and carbohydrates (24.33%). Maximum fruiting rate (100%) and non-parthenocarpy fruit were reported in dates palm pollinated with all three types of pollen grain treatment; while using R pollen grains and GR was better than G in this type of date in terms of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the fruit. Fruiting and parthenocarpy percentage were obtained 79.13% and 20.87% in tissue culture dates pollinated with R pollen grains in compered with other pollen grain treatments.

Iran is a very rich country in fruit tree resources, and in terms of growing fruit trees in cold, subtropical, and tropical areas, Iran is one of the few places in the world that can cultivate most of the world's fruits. this study aims to investigate the flower and fruiting dynamics of some pome and stone fruit trees, including European pear (Espadona cultivar), two apple cultivars (Granny Smith and Starking), quince (Isfahan cultivar), two cultivars of nectarine (Shams and Moghan), sweet cherry (Takdaneh cultivar of Mashhad), peach (Alberta cultivar) and plum (California cultivar), in the Khorramdareh city of Zanjan province. The results obtained in the present study showed that all the studied species were able to grow and bear fruit in these areas, and can produce high-quality fruits (in terms of firmness, soluble solids, etc.). European Espadona pear cultivars were also able to produce high-quality fruits in this area of Khorramdareh city. The studied apple cultivars were also able to produce high-quality fruits in terms of morphological and physiological traits, Isfahan quince trees had better quality and yield in terms of fruit production than other stone fruits such as cherries, peaches, nectarines, and plums, However, the products of other stone fruit trees had good quality in terms of morphological and physiological traits. According to the data obtained from the flowering dynamics of different species, the present study evaluates the possibility of spring frosts.

Protecting young seedlings from frost damage is an important issue for newly established orchards and nurseries. Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a plant growth inhibitor that can alleviate some damage caused by environmental stresses. In this study, the effect of PBZ on cold tolerance of almond (Prunus dulicis) saplings of cultivar 'Ferragnes' was investigated. The research was conducted in a randomized complete block design, and treatment consisted of five concentrations of 0 (control), 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/l of Cultar (containing 250 grams per liter of PBZ) sprayed on one-year-old almond saplings in September. Stem and bud samples were collected on November 11, March 10, and January 10; and January 15 and March 15, respectively. Stem and bud samples were subjected to low temperatures (0, -5, -10, -15, -20, and -25 degrees Celsius), then exothermic point and electrolyte leakage were evaluated. Application of PBZ, especially at concentration of 500 mg/l, increased free proline, soluble carbohydrates and dry matter, but decreased relative water content and electrolyte leakage. In January, the first exothermic point was on average 4 °C lower in the samples treated with 500 mg/l PBZ than in the control. Considering LT50 temperatures, saplings treated with 500 mg/l PBZ showed 5 °C higher winter hardiness than control plants. The results indicate that PBZ effectively reduces winter frost-induced damage to almond saplings.